Insulation in Los Angeles, CA
Crawl space encapsulation and vapor barrier installation in Los Angeles typically runs $2,800-$6,500 for most single-family homes, with jobs in raised pier-and-beam neighborhoods like Eagle Rock and Highland Park requiring more extensive moisture control than slab-on-grade areas. We’re Envelope Insulation Co., and our Los Angeles office dispatches crews across the metro daily. If you’re seeing musty odors, sagging insulation, or efflorescence on foundation walls, call us at (213) 306-2607 for a written price before any work starts.
Why Los Angeles Homes Are Different
Los Angeles contains at least four distinct insulation microclimates within city limits. The San Fernando Valley floor, Woodland Hills to North Hollywood, experiences summer heat events of 105-115°F that make attic and radiant-barrier work urgent, while coastal West LA rarely clears 85°F. This 20-30°F spread means identical homes in Canoga Park and Santa Monica need different R-value and ventilation strategies.
The housing stock is equally varied. Pre-code wood-frame bungalows from the 1920s-1940s in Silver Lake and Los Feliz were built before California had any energy code. Post-war stucco ranch homes across the Valley were insulated to R-11 or less. Many sit on raised pier-and-beam foundations with accessible crawl spaces, unlike the slab-on-grade construction common in Riverside or Orange County.
Fire compliance adds another layer. State-designated Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones cover the Hollywood Hills, Bel Air, Laurel Canyon, and Pacific Palisades. California building code increasingly requires fire-rated materials, mineral wool or properly coated spray foam, on qualifying retrofits. An LA contractor must navigate Title 24 energy compliance and fire-rated requirements simultaneously, a combination far more common and legally consequential here than in neighboring markets.
Pre-1978 homes on the Eastside frequently contain original vermiculite or blown-in rock wool with potential asbestos contamination. LADBS-permitted jobs in these areas routinely require abatement before upgrade, adding cost and liability exposure newer suburban markets rarely see.
Our Main Los Angeles Services
Most Los Angeles homeowners who call us start with attic work or spray foam. Here is what those jobs involve locally.
Attic Insulation in Los Angeles
Attic insulation in Los Angeles means dealing with shallow rafter bays in 1940s bungalows, vented attics in Valley ranch homes, and unvented conditioned attics in newer construction from Venice to Atwater Village. We measure existing depth, identify thermal bypasses at top plates and can lights, and specify material, Owens Corning or Johns Manville fiberglass, Knauf mineral wool, or loose-fill GreenFiber, based on the assembly and the homeowner’s target performance. Every attic job includes air sealing first, then insulation, in that order. Attic Insulation in Los Angeles
Spray Foam Insulation in Los Angeles
Spray foam insulation in Los Angeles requires careful product selection given fire-rated material requirements in hillside zones and the moisture management concerns of coastal marine layers. We use open-cell foam for interior applications where vapor permeability matters and closed-cell where structural rigidity or flood-prone crawl spaces demand it. LADBS permitting and Title 24 compliance documentation are standard on every job. Spray Foam Insulation in Los Angeles
Blown-In Insulation in Los Angeles
Blown-in insulation in Los Angeles is the most cost-effective retrofit for the thousands of under-insulated Valley ranch homes with vented attics and adequate floor joist depth. We dense-pack cellulose or fiberglass into open attic floors and, where accessible, into closed wall cavities through exterior drill-and-fill. Material selection depends on fire-zone requirements, existing moisture conditions, and whether the homeowner needs a Class A fire rating. Blown-In Insulation in Los Angeles
What happens when you call
- 1
A real person answersNo phone trees - you reach a local pro.
- 2
You get an upfront price rangeHonest numbers before anyone is dispatched.
- 3
A background-checked tech heads outLicensed & insured, dispatched right away.
- 4
You approve before work beginsNothing starts until you say go.
Before
AfterCrawl Space Encapsulation & Vapor Barrier in Los Angeles
Los Angeles crawl spaces, especially in Eagle Rock, Highland Park, and Silver Lake where pier-and-beam construction dominates, collect moisture from seasonal rains, irrigation runoff, and the clay soils that expand and contract beneath the foundation. Unlike slab-on-grade areas, these raised homes have accessible under-floor cavities where fiberglass batts sag, harbor mold, and lose R-value within five to seven years of installation. Crawl Space Encapsulation & Vapor Barrier is our primary service in these neighborhoods because it solves the root problem, groundwater vapor transmission, rather than replacing saturated insulation repeatedly.
Crawl Space Vapor Barrier
Signs you need it
White efflorescence on foundation walls, musty odors rising through floor registers, or fiberglass batts hanging below joists like wet laundry indicate vapor barrier failure.
What it costs in Los Angeles
A 6-mil to 20-mil vapor barrier installed over bare earth in a typical Los Angeles crawl space runs $2,800-$4,200 for homes under 1,500 square feet and $4,200-$6,500 for larger or heavily obstructed spaces.
How we do it
We remove debris and failed insulation, grade the earth toward a central drainage point, seam-seal polyethylene sheeting at all overlaps, and mechanically fasten it to foundation walls six inches above outside grade.
Crawl Space Encapsulation
Signs you need it
Standing water after rain, rusted ductwork, or hardwood cupping visible from the interior suggests the crawl space is exchanging moisture with the living space above.
What it costs in Los Angeles
Full encapsulation with sealed vapor barrier, wall insulation, conditioned air supply, and dehumidification in Los Angeles typically ranges $8,500-$15,000 depending on perimeter wall height and existing drainage conditions.
How we do it
We install a multi-ply reinforced liner on floors and walls, seal all penetrations and vents, add a dedicated dehumidifier with condensate pump, and verify performance with a humidity data logger left in place for thirty days.
What Crawl Space Encapsulation & Vapor Barrier Costs in Los Angeles
| Item | Typical range in Los Angeles |
|---|---|
| Vapor barrier (6-20 mil, earth cover only) | $2,800-$6,500 |
| Full encapsulation with dehumidification | $8,500-$15,000 |
| Crawl space insulation replacement (batts or foam board) | $1,800-$4,500 |
How long does crawl space encapsulation take in Los Angeles?
Most vapor barrier jobs finish in one to two days; full encapsulation with mechanical dehumidification takes three to five days depending on access and drainage work required. We provide a written schedule with the price before starting.
Will encapsulation fix my musty smell?
Yes, when the source is ground moisture evaporating into the crawl space; we verify this with a humidity reading above 70% RH and document the before-and-after with our photo record. Call (213) 306-2607 for a free assessment.
Radiant Barrier Installation in Los Angeles
The San Fernando Valley’s 105-115°F summer heat events make radiant barrier installation in Los Angeles a high-urgency upgrade for Woodland Hills, Chatsworth, and Canoga Park homeowners, while coastal residents in West LA and Santa Monica often prioritize it as a secondary comfort measure. Stucco-clad ranch homes with dark shingle roofs absorb and reradiate solar gain into attic spaces that can reach 140°F, overwhelming undersized ductwork and forcing air conditioners into continuous operation. Radiant Barrier Installation addresses this by reflecting infrared radiation before it converts to conductive heat in the attic assembly.
Attic Radiant Barrier
Signs you need it
Second-story rooms that stay hot past 10 p.m., ductwork too hot to touch, or cooling bills exceeding $400 monthly in July and August indicate excessive radiant heat gain.
What it costs in Los Angeles
Radiant barrier foil stapled to rafter bottoms or laid over attic floor insulation in a typical Los Angeles home runs $1,200-$2,800 for materials and labor.
How we do it
We install perforated aluminum foil across the underside of roof rafters, maintaining a minimum one-inch air gap on the attic side, and verify reflectivity with an infrared thermometer before and after.
Radiant Barrier Roof Deck
Signs you need it
New roof installation or reroofing in a Valley home with existing R-30 or less attic insulation presents the only practical opportunity for roof-deck-applied radiant barrier.
What it costs in Los Angeles
Radiant barrier roof deck sheathing or spray-applied coating during reroofing in Los Angeles adds $1,800-$3,500 to the roofing contract depending on pitch and accessibility.
How we do it
We specify OSB with factory-applied reflective foil or liquid-applied low-emissivity coating to the roof deck during tear-off, integrating the barrier with the roofing assembly rather than retrofitting beneath it.
What Radiant Barrier Installation Costs in Los Angeles
| Item | Typical range in Los Angeles |
|---|---|
| Attic radiant barrier (foil, rafter or floor application) | $1,200-$2,800 |
| Radiant barrier roof deck (during reroofing) | $1,800-$3,500 |
| Radiant barrier with attic air sealing package | $2,400-$4,800 |
Does radiant barrier work with existing insulation?
Yes, it complements rather than replaces insulation; we typically pair it with air sealing and additional blown-in fill to address both radiant and conductive heat transfer. Call (213) 306-2607 for a written price on the combined package.
How much will my cooling bill drop?
Valley homeowners with dark roofs and existing R-19 or less typically see 10-20% summer cooling reduction; coastal homes with milder heat gain see proportionally less and may not justify the investment without other efficiency measures.
Insulation Removal & Replacement in Los Angeles
Insulation removal and replacement in Los Angeles is complicated by the region’s pre-1978 housing stock, where vermiculite and early blown-in rock wool in Los Feliz, Silver Lake, and Echo Park may contain asbestos requiring LADBS-permitted abatement. Even in newer construction, rodent infestation, water damage from failed HVAC condensate lines, and compression from storage or foot traffic degrade insulation to the point where adding new material over old creates moisture traps and thermal bridges. Insulation Removal & Replacement begins with testing, documentation, and a disposal plan before any new material enters the space.
Contaminated Insulation Removal
Signs you need it
Urine staining visible on attic floor decking, persistent rodent odor after trapping, or insulation compressed to less than half its labeled thickness indicates contamination requiring full removal.
What it costs in Los Angeles
Contaminated insulation removal, bagging, and HEPA vacuum cleanup in a typical Los Angeles attic runs $1,800-$3,500; asbestos-containing vermiculite adds $3,000-$7,500 for certified abatement.
How we do it
We erect containment, run negative air machines, remove material in sealed bags, HEPA-vacuum all surfaces, and apply botanical sanitizer before any new insulation is specified.
Insulation Replacement
Signs you need it
Energy bills rising year-over-year with no rate increase, rooms that never reach thermostat setpoint, or visible gaps and settling below joist tops mean the existing insulation is no longer performing.
What it costs in Los Angeles
New fiberglass or cellulose insulation replacement after removal in Los Angeles typically runs $2,200-$4,500 for attics and $3,500-$7,000 for wall cavities requiring drill-and-fill access.
How we do it
We air seal the empty cavity, verify with blower-door testing that leakage is controlled, then install specified material to full depth with documented coverage and no gaps around obstructions.
What Insulation Removal & Replacement Costs in Los Angeles
| Item | Typical range in Los Angeles |
|---|---|
| Standard attic insulation removal | $1,800-$3,500 |
| Asbestos-containing vermiculite abatement | $3,000-$7,500 |
| Insulation replacement (attic, after removal) | $2,200-$4,500 |
Can you remove insulation with asbestos in it?
Yes, through our LADBS-permitted asbestos abatement subcontractor; we coordinate testing, permitting, and air clearance sampling as a single project with one written price. Call (213) 306-2607 to schedule an inspection.
Do I have to leave during removal?
Standard contaminated removal requires no evacuation; asbestos abatement requires residents to leave for twenty-four hours after air clearance sampling passes, which we schedule to minimize disruption.
Attic Air Sealing in Los Angeles
Attic air sealing in Los Angeles is the single most cost-effective envelope upgrade for the region’s pre-code bungalows and under-sealed Valley ranch homes, yet it is routinely skipped by contractors who blow insulation directly over leaky top plates and can-light penetrations. A typical unsealed Los Angeles attic leaks the equivalent of a two-foot-square hole to the outside, forcing conditioned air into wall cavities and drawing in Valley dust or coastal moisture. Attic Air Sealing is mandatory before any insulation work under our Haven Standard; we publish before-and-after blower-door numbers so the homeowner sees the actual reduction in air leakage.
Top Plate & Penetration Sealing
Signs you need it
Dust streaks on insulation around partition walls, cobwebs concentrated at framing joints, or rooms that are simultaneously too hot and too drafty indicate top plate leakage.
What it costs in Los Angeles
Sealing top plates, wire and pipe penetrations, and framing gaps in a typical Los Angeles attic runs $1,400-$2,800 depending on accessibility and the number of interior partitions.
How we do it
We access each top plate bay, apply fire-rated expanding foam or acrylic latex sealant depending on gap size, and verify with blower-door-directed infrared scanning that leakage is eliminated before insulating.
Can Light & Duct Boot Sealing
Signs you need it
LED can lights that flicker in wind, visible gaps around metal duct boots, or insulation stained in circular patterns around ceiling fixtures show direct air leakage paths.
What it costs in Los Angeles
Sealing IC-rated can lights with pre-formed covers and mastic-sealing duct boots in a typical Los Angeles home adds $800-$1,800 to the air sealing scope.
How we do it
We install fire-rated airtight covers over each can light, seal duct boots with fiberglass mesh and mastic, and pressure-test the duct system to confirm no post-sealing leakage.
What Attic Air Sealing Costs in Los Angeles
| Item | Typical range in Los Angeles |
|---|---|
| Top plate and penetration sealing | $1,400-$2,800 |
| Can light and duct boot sealing | $800-$1,800 |
| Full attic air sealing with blower-door verification | $2,200-$4,500 |
Will air sealing make my house too tight?
No, we target reduction to mechanical ventilation standards, not zero; in Los Angeles’s mild climate, most pre-1978 homes remain above the minimum ventilation threshold even after aggressive sealing. Call (213) 306-2607 for your specific blower-door target.
How do I know it worked?
We provide before-and-after CFM50 readings from the blower-door test, a pressurization measurement that shows in one number how much air your building envelope was losing; typical Los Angeles homes drop 20-40% after proper attic sealing.
Wall Insulation in Los Angeles
Wall insulation in Los Angeles means retrofitting stucco-clad homes with empty or compressed cavities, the norm for 1940s-1960s construction from the Valley to the Eastside where California’s energy code did not yet exist or was minimally enforced. Stucco exteriors and interior drywall create a sealed cavity that cannot be opened without significant finish repair, making drill-and-fill injection the standard retrofit method rather than open-cavity batt installation. Wall Insulation in these homes requires careful material selection to avoid moisture trapping in the marine-influenced coastal zones and the intense solar-driven moisture of inland valleys.
Drill & Fill Wall Insulation
Signs you need it
Walls that are cold to the touch in winter, exterior paint bubbling on stucco, or rooms that share an exterior wall and are consistently five to ten degrees off from interior rooms indicate empty or failed wall cavities.
What it costs in Los Angeles
Drill-and-fill cellulose or fiberglass injection for a typical 1,200-square-foot Los Angeles home runs $3,500-$6,500 including stucco plug repair and interior touch-up.
How we do it
We core 2-inch holes at stud-bay spacing, dense-pack cellulose or fiberglass to 3.5 pounds per cubic foot, seal penetrations with color-matched stucco patch, and verify fill completeness with thermal imaging from the interior.
Injection Foam Wall Insulation
Signs you need it
Significant air leakage through outlets and baseboards on exterior walls, or a blower-door test showing excessive frame leakage despite attic sealing, suggests the wall cavities are open and convecting.
What it costs in Los Angeles
Slow-rise injection foam for a typical Los Angeles home with 2×4 walls runs $4,500-$8,500, higher than cellulose but providing both insulation value and air sealing in one application.
How we do it
We inject slow-rise open-cell foam at controlled pressure to fill without bowing studs, trim excess after cure, and repair access holes with matching materials; fire-rated coating is applied where required in hillside fire zones.
What Wall Insulation Costs in Los Angeles
| Item | Typical range in Los Angeles |
|---|---|
| Drill-and-fill cellulose or fiberglass | $3,500-$6,500 |
| Injection foam (slow-rise, 2×4 walls) | $4,500-$8,500 |
| Exterior wall insulation with stucco repair | $5,500-$10,000 |
Will drill-and-fill damage my stucco?
We match the existing stucco texture and color; repairs are visible for two to four weeks until weathering blends them, but structural damage is avoided by coring at mortar joints or predetermined repair points. Call (213) 306-2607 for a sample repair photo from a nearby job.
Can you insulate walls without removing drywall?
Yes, drill-and-fill and injection foam are both exterior-access methods; interior access is only needed when the wall is already open for renovation or when plaster and lath construction requires different technique.
Attic Cleaning & Rodent Proofing in Los Angeles
Attic cleaning and rodent proofing in Los Angeles addresses the region’s combination of mature tree canopy, mild winters, and accessible pier-and-beam construction that supports persistent roof rat and squirrel populations from Pasadena to the Pacific Palisades. Contaminated insulation, gnawed wiring, and entry points through eave gaps, vent screens, and plumbing roof jacks create fire hazards and air quality problems that compound when new insulation is installed over untreated waste. Attic Cleaning & Rodent Proofing is often the necessary first step before any insulation upgrade can be warranted or perform as specified.
Attic Sanitizing & Decontamination
Signs you need it
Dried urine crystals visible on insulation, fecal pellets concentrated near HVAC air handlers, or a sharp ammonia odor when the attic access is opened indicate active or recent rodent occupation requiring decontamination.
What it costs in Los Angeles
HEPA vacuum removal of contaminated insulation, botanical enzyme treatment of decking, and sanitizing of a typical Los Angeles attic runs $1,800-$3,500; heavy infestation with structural soiling reaches $4,000-$6,500.
How we do it
We remove all contaminated material in sealed bags, HEPA-vacuum decking and framing, apply EPA-registered enzymatic cleaner, and run an ozone or hydroxyl generator before any new work begins.
Rodent Proofing & Exclusion
Signs you need it
Scratching sounds in walls at dusk or dawn, gnaw marks on fascia boards, or sightings of rats on utility lines entering the roofline confirm active entry points that sealing alone will not address.
What it costs in Los Angeles
Comprehensive rodent proofing with galvanized steel mesh, concrete patching, and one-way exit devices for a typical Los Angeles home runs $1,200-$2,800; multi-story or tile-roof homes with complex eave geometry reach $3,500-$5,500.
How we do it
We inspect with motion-activated cameras if needed, seal all entry points larger than one-quarter inch with rodent-proof materials, install one-way exits at primary activity sites, and provide a thirty-day re-entry guarantee with documentation.
What Attic Cleaning & Rodent Proofing Costs in Los Angeles
| Item | Typical range in Los Angeles |
|---|---|
| Attic sanitizing and decontamination | $1,800-$3,500 |
| Heavy infestation with structural soiling | $4,000-$6,500 |
| Rodent proofing and exclusion | $1,200-$5,500 |
Do you trap the rodents first?
We coordinate with a licensed wildlife control operator for active infestation; our scope begins after trapping is complete, ensuring we are not sealing animals inside. Call (213) 306-2607 and we will coordinate both trades under one written price.
Can I install new insulation right after cleaning?
Yes, once decontamination is complete and entry points are sealed; we often schedule insulation installation within forty-eight hours of final sanitizing to minimize energy loss during the transition.
Home Energy Audit in Los Angeles
A home energy audit in Los Angeles must account for the city’s extreme climate variation, Valley heat gain versus coastal marine influence, and the regulatory overlay of Title 24 compliance and fire-zone material requirements that affect upgrade recommendations. Many Los Angeles homeowners receive conflicting advice, more attic insulation from one contractor, new windows from another, without a diagnostic sequence that identifies the actual largest source of waste. Home Energy Audit provides a prioritized scope with expected savings, material specifications, and code requirements documented before any work is authorized.
Blower Door Test
Signs you need it
Unexplained high utility bills, rooms that never stabilize in temperature, or a history of ice damming or moisture issues in conditioned spaces indicate envelope leakage that a blower-door test can quantify and locate.
What it costs in Los Angeles
A standalone blower-door test with infrared documentation in Los Angeles runs $350-$650; as part of a full audit package it is typically included in the overall fee.
How we do it
We install a calibrated fan in an exterior door, depressurize the house to 50 Pascals, and use infrared cameras and smoke pencils to map leakage paths while recording CFM50, ACH50, and leakage area calculations.
Thermal Imaging Inspection
Signs you need it
Visible temperature stratification between rooms, condensation on interior wall surfaces, or prior insulation work that did not resolve comfort complaints suggests thermal bridging or gaps visible only with infrared.
What it costs in Los Angeles
Thermal imaging as part of a comprehensive audit runs $450-$850; standalone inspection for real estate transaction or dispute documentation is $550-$950.
How we do it
We scan the building envelope with a calibrated FLIR camera during normal heating or cooling operation, annotate images with R-value estimates and defect locations, and deliver a report with prioritized repair sequencing.
What Home Energy Audit Costs in Los Angeles
| Item | Typical range in Los Angeles |
|---|---|
| Blower-door test with infrared | $350-$650 |
| Full home energy audit (blower door, thermal, duct test) | $450-$850 |
| Standalone thermal imaging inspection | $550-$950 |
Will the audit tell me what to fix first?
Yes, we rank recommendations by cost-effectiveness and comfort impact; in Los Angeles’s climate, attic air sealing and duct sealing typically outrank window replacement by a factor of three to one on return. Call (213) 306-2607 to schedule.
How long does the audit take?
A full audit including blower-door, thermal imaging, and duct leakage testing takes three to four hours for a typical single-family home; you receive a written report with scope, pricing, and expected savings within forty-eight hours.
Brands We Service in Los Angeles
We source insulation materials from Owens Corning, Johns Manville, Knauf, and GreenFiber, with no proprietary lock-in that limits product selection to a single manufacturer’s line. Our Los Angeles warehouse stocks common batt and loose-fill sizes for same-day mobilization on urgent jobs. our brands
Pricing for Insulation in Los Angeles, CA
| Service | Typical range in Los Angeles |
|---|---|
| Crawl space vapor barrier | $2,800-$6,500 |
| Full crawl space encapsulation | $8,500-$15,000 |
| Attic radiant barrier | $1,200-$2,800 |
| Radiant barrier roof deck | $1,800-$3,500 |
| Standard insulation removal | $1,800-$3,500 |
| Asbestos vermiculite abatement | $3,000-$7,500 |
| Attic air sealing (full) | $2,200-$4,500 |
| Drill-and-fill wall insulation | $3,500-$6,500 |
| Injection foam wall insulation | $4,500-$8,500 |
| Attic sanitizing and decontamination | $1,800-$3,500 |
| Rodent proofing and exclusion | $1,200-$5,500 |
| Full home energy audit | $450-$850 |
Prices in Los Angeles push toward the higher end when homes require LADBS permitting, fire-rated materials for hillside zones, or asbestos abatement before upgrade work. Every job still begins with a written price before any work starts, Haven Standard Clause 1, and closes with a Documented Photo Record.
Neighborhoods We Serve in Los Angeles
Our crews work across Los Angeles from the coastal zone to the Valley floor, with dispatch coordinated from our local office. Most appointments are scheduled within two business days, with same-day availability for urgent moisture or rodent issues.
- Woodland Hills and Chatsworth
- Silver Lake and Los Feliz
- Eagle Rock and Highland Park
- Pacific Palisades and Bel Air
- Canoga Park and North Hollywood
Service Area - Cities Near Los Angeles
We serve homeowners throughout the Los Angeles metro, with regular work in Huntington Park, CA, Bell, CA, Inglewood, CA, and Hawthorne, CA. Scheduling and material staging are coordinated from our Los Angeles office to minimize travel time and keep crews productive.
Serving Los Angeles, CA - Our Local Coverage Area
We’re based in the Los Angeles area and know this community well. Use the map below to see our service coverage - if you’re nearby, we can almost certainly help.
FAQs About Insulation in Los Angeles
Most attic insulation retrofits do not require LADBS permits, but spray foam, wall insulation, and any work in fire hazard severity zones or with asbestos-containing material does; we pull permits as needed and include the cost in your written price.
Our live answering takes calls 24/7, and we schedule Los Angeles crawl space assessments within twenty-four to forty-eight hours for active water intrusion; same-day service is available for standing water threatening structural components.
Yes, we provide the fire-rated material documentation, Title 24 compliance certificates, and written scope descriptions that LA hillside HOAs typically require; we have submitted packages for approval in Bel Air, Pacific Palisades, and Laurel Canyon associations.
What happens when you call
- 1A real person answersNo phone trees - talk to a local insulation pro.
- 2You get an upfront price rangeHonest numbers before anyone is dispatched. No surprises.
- 3A background-checked tech heads outLicensed & insured, typically within 1-hour.
- 4You approve before work beginsNothing starts until you say go.
What Los Angeles Customers Say
"Two other companies quoted to blow more insulation on top of what was there. These were the only ones who said the existing material had to come out first, and explained why."
- Clifford E."Crawl space encapsulation done properly. Photographs of the vapour barrier at every seam, and the damp smell in the hallway is gone."
- Ainsley P."They photographed rodent damage in the old insulation that we had no idea about, and priced the exclusion work separately so we could decide."
- Harriet N.